fa Clinical Original Article <p open="" sans="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Background:</strong>&nbsp;Outsourcing the principal mission of universities, namely instruction, is a new and rather disputable concept which was highly regarded in recent years in terms of the increased number of university students, the necessity of improvement of educational quality, as well as the need for further emphasis on the improvement of efficiency in higher education. This scoping review aims to identify and investigate the higher education outsourcing models in higher education.</span></span></p> <p open="" sans="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Methods:</strong>&nbsp;Articles for outsourcing higher education were extracted through Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, and ERIC with the inclusion criteria of the English language. The third type of Arksey & O&#39;Malley&#39;s framework (2005) was used to analyze the articles.</span></span></p> <p open="" sans="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Results:</strong>&nbsp;Eleven articles and ten models were identified, including swirling model, program outsourcing model, course outsourcing model, full-service contracting model, specialized trainer model, business-like model, tutoring model, workforce model, Internet-based distance education approach, and deemed university model. Depending on the educational tasks that are outsourced, the outsourcing partner, the kind of outsourced services, and the instructional approach, these models have significant variances and similarities.</span></span></p> <p open="" sans="" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Conclusion:</strong>&nbsp;Different models might be applied for a given purpose based on the outsourced services&#39; nature, outsourcing objectives, country&#39;s current conditions, the capacity of the outsourcing universities, as well as available high-capability institutes.</span></span></p> Education,Outsourced services,Contracts 15 20 http://jhd.goums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-33-3&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Hamid Ravaghi 1003194753284600606 1003194753284600606 No Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management & Information Science, Iran University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeide Alidoost 1003194753284600607 1003194753284600607 Yes Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management & Information Science, Iran University ofMedical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Narges Rafiei 1003194753284600608 1003194753284600608 No Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Narges Rouhi 1003194753284600609 1003194753284600609 No Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran